Title Contrafreeloading and the value of control over visual stimuli

19 Contrafreeloading, which means that animals work for food even though 20 identical food is freely available, has been reported in animals’ feeding behavior. This 21 phenomenon has been assumed to be explained by the information primacy model, in 22 which the information about a food resource as well as the food itself is valuable for 23 animals. This study confirmed a contrafreeloading-like phenomenon using movies as 24 rewards rather than food in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and investigated the 25 motivational system that exists behind contrafreeloading. In the experiment, movies that 26 were presented dependently on subjects’ responses (earned movies) and movies that 27 were presented automatically (free movies) were supplied simultaneously. The subjects 28 continued to make responses to obtain the presentation of the earned movies although 29 identical movies were available as free movies. These results provide the first evidence 30 of contrafreeloading that occurs with movie rewards. The motivation maintaining the 31 contrafreeloading behavior for movies may be control over the environment according 32 to the competence theory. 33